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Health and Safety Executive

Refrigeration

The failure modes associated with Refrigeration are:

Air Ingress
Corrosion
Design Fault
External Event
Fire/Explosion
Human Error
Impact

Impurities
Maintenance Faults
Overheating
Overpressurisation
Structural Failure
Vibration
Wrong/Defective Equipment

The technical measures that may be appropriate for each of these failure modes are identified in each of the above links.

Air ingress measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving air ingress effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Plant	Explosion Relief	Emergency Response
Operating Procedures	Leak Detection	Isolation
Reliability of Utilities	Training	Plant Layout (Escalation)
		PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Corrosion measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving corrosion effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Coatings	Corrosion Monitoring	Emergency Response
Selection of Materials	Inspection	Isolation
	Leak Detection	Plant Layout (Escalation)
		PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Design fault measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving design fault effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Buildings	Inspection	Emergency Response
Design Codes - Plant	Leak Detection	Isolation
	Relief Systems	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Vent Systems	PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

External event measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving external event effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Buildings	Flood Protection	Emergency Response
Design Codes - Plant	Lightning Protection	Isolation
	Relief Systems	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Wind Loading Protection	PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Fire/explosion measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving fire/explosion effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Plant	Active Fire Protection	Emergency Response
Hazardous Area Classification	Explosion Relief	Isolation
Operating Procedures	Passive Fire Protection	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Vent Systems	PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Human error measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving human error effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Operating Procedures	Alarms	Emergency Response
	Control Systems	Isolation
	Training	Plant Layout (Escalation)
		PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Impact measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving impact effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Lifting Procedures	Leak Detection	Emergency Response
Maintenance Procedures	Training	Isolation
Operating Procedures		Plant Layout (Escalation)
Permit to Work		PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Impurities measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving impurities effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Operating Procedures	Alarms/Trips	Emergency Response
	Sampling	Isolation
	Relief Systems	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Training	PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Maintenance faults measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving maintenance faults effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Maintenance Procedures	Inspection	Emergency Response
	Leak Detection	Isolation
	Permit to Work	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Training	PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Overheating measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving overheating effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Plant	Alarms	Emergency Response
Maintenance Procedures	Back-Up Cooling	Isolation
Operating Procedures	Expansion Systems	Plant Layout (Escalation)
Reliability of Utilities	Training	PPE
	Vent Systems	Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Overpressurisation measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving overpressurisation effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Plant	Alarms	Emergency Response
Maintenance Procedures	Relief Systems	Isolation
Operating Procedures	Training	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Trips	PPE
	Vent Systems	Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Structural failure measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving structural failure effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Buildings	Inspection	Emergency Response
Design Codes - Plant		Isolation
		Plant Layout (Escalation)
		PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Vibration measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving vibration effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Design Codes - Plant	Inspection	Emergency Response
	Leak Detection	Isolation
	Maintenance Procedures	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Training	PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

Wrong/defective equipment measures

measures to prevent, control or mitigate major accidents involving wrong/defective equipment effects of Refrigeration are:

Prevention	Control	Mitigation
Change Procedures	Alarms/Trips	Emergency Response
Design Codes - Plant	Leak Detection	Isolation
	Relief Systems	Plant Layout (Escalation)
	Training	PPE
		Secondary Containment
		Spill Treatment

05 May 2006 10:13:14 +0100

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